The pontificate of Paul IV (Gian Pietro Caraffa, May, 1555-August, 1559) forms one of the most remarkable chapters in the history of the
Pope Versus Holy Roman Emperor
For a time it seemed as if at Trent, too, the opposing interests would have proved irreconcilable.Continuing The Council of Trent and the
Charles V Wins the War
Today's installment concludes Protestant Struggle Against Charles V - The Smalkaldic War,our selection from The Emperor Charles V (2nd. edition) by
Charles Conquers Saxony
"Most powerful and gracious Emperor," said the Elector, vainly endeavoring to dismount, "I am your prisoner." "You recognize me as Emperor now?"
Can Alliance Between Towns and Princes Last?
Under any circumstances the Lutheran army must have broken up.Continuing Protestant Struggle Against Charles V - The Smalkaldic War,our selection
Protestant Struggle Against Charles V – The Smalkaldic War
This series has four easy 5 minute installments. This first installment: Opening Moves.IntroductionIn 1530 Charles V convened a diet at Augsburg
Pavia – 4
Today's installment concludes Battle of Pavia,our selection by William Robertson.If you have journeyed through all of the installments of this
Pavia – 3
Charles, however, had already begun to form schemes in his own mind which little suited such external appearances.Continuing Battle of Pavia,our
Pavia – 2
The imperial generals found the French so strongly entrenched that, notwithstanding the powerful motives which urged them on, they hesitated long