Alfred the Great – 2

“This year,” says the Saxon Chronicle, “nine general battles were fought against the army in the kingdom south of the Thames.

Continuing Alfred the Great’s Reign,
with a selection from Life of Alfred the Great by Thomas Hughes published in 1869. This selection is presented in 10.5 easy 5 minute installments. For works benefiting from the latest research see the “More information” section at the bottom of these pages.

Previously in Alfred the Great’s Reign.

Time: 871-901
Place: Wessex

But again we get glimpses of the old trap of a feigned flight and ambuscade, into which they fell and so again lose “possession of the place of death,” the ultimate test of victory. “This year,” says the Saxon Chronicle, “nine general battles were fought against the army in the kingdom south of the Thames; besides which Alfred, the king’s brother and single aldermen and king’s thanes, oftentimes made attacks on them, which were not counted; and within the year one king and nine jarls [earls] were slain.” Wilton was the last of these general actions and not long afterward, probably in the autumn, Alfred made peace with the pagans, on condition that they should quit Wessex at once.

They were probably allowed to carry off whatever spoils they may have been able to accumulate in their Reading camp but I can find no authority for believing that Alfred fell into the fatal and humiliating mistake of either paying them anything or giving hostages or promising tribute. This young King, who, as crown prince, led the West Saxons up the slopes at Ashdown, when Bagsac, the two Sidrocs and the rest were killed and who has very much their own way of fighting — going into the clash of arms “when the hard steel rings upon the high helmets,” and “the beasts of prey have ample spoil,” like a veritable child of Odin — is clearly one whom it is best to let alone, at any rate so long as easy plunder and rich lands are to be found elsewhere, without such poison-mad fighting for every herd of cattle and rood of ground. Indeed, I think the careful reader may trace from the date of Ashdown a decided unwillingness on the part of the Danes to meet Alfred, except when they could catch him at disastrous odds. They succeeded, indeed, for a time in overrunning almost the whole of his kingdom, in driving him an exile for a few wretched weeks to the shelter of his own forests; but whenever he was once fairly in the field they preferred taking refuge in strong places and offering treaties and hostages to the actual arbitrament of battle.

So the pagan army quitted Reading and wintered in 872 in the neighborhood of London, at which place they received proposals from Buhred, King of the Mercians, Alfred’s brother-in-law and for a money payment pass him and his people contemptuously by for the time, making some kind of treaty of peace with them and go northward into what has now become their own country. They winter in Lincolnshire, gathering fresh strength during 873 from the never-failing sources of supply across the narrow seas. Again, however, in this year of ominous rest they renew their sham peace with poor Buhred and his Mercians, who thus manage to tide it over another winter. In 874, however, their time has come. In the spring, the pagan army under the three kings, Guthrum, Oskytal and Amund, burst into Mercia. In this one only of the English Teutonic kingdoms they find neither fighting nor suffering hero to cross their way and leave behind for a thousand years the memory of a noble end, cut out there in some half-dozen lines of an old chronicler but full of life and inspiration to this day for all Englishmen. The whole country is overrun and reduced under pagan rule, without a blow struck, so far as we know and within the year.

Poor Buhred, titular King of the Mercians, who has made believe to rule this English kingdom these twenty-two years — who in his time has marched with his father-in-law Ethelwulf across North Wales — has beleaguered Nottingham with his brothers-in-law, Ethelred and Alfred, six years back, not without show of manhood — sees for his part nothing for it under such circumstances but to get away as swiftly as possible, as many so-called kings have done before him and since. The West Saxon court is no place for him, quite other views of kingship prevailing in those parts. So the poor Buhred breaks away from his anchors, leaving his wife Ethelswitha even, in his haste, to take refuge with her brother; or is it that the heart of the daughter of the race of Cerdic swells against leaving the land which her sires had won, the people they had planted there, in the moment of sorest need? In any case Buhred drifts away alone across into France and so toward the winter to Rome. There he dies at once — about Christmas-time, 874 — of shame and sorrow probably or of a broken heart as we say; at any rate having this kingly gift left in him, that he cannot live and look on the ruin of his people, as St. Edmund’s brother Edwold is doing in these same years, “near a clear well at Carnelia, in Dorsetshire,” doing the hermit business there on bread and water.

The English in Rome bury away poor Buhred, with all the honors, in the Church of St. Mary’s, to which the English schools rebuilt by his father-in-law Ethelwulf were attached. Ethelswitha visited or started to visit, the tomb years later, we are told, in 888, when Mercia had risen to new life under her great brother’s rule. Through these same months Guthrum, Oskytal and the rest are wintering at Repton, after destroying there the cloister where the kingly line of Mercia lie; disturbing perhaps the bones of the great Offa, whom Charlemagne had to treat as an equal.

Neither of the pagan kings is inclined at this time to settle in Mercia; so, casting about what to do with it, they light on “a certain foolish man,” a king’s thane, one Ceolwulf and set him up as a sort of King Popinjay. From this Ceolwulf they take hostages for the payment of yearly tribute — to be wrung out of these poor Mercians on pain of dethronement — and for the surrender of the kingdom to them on whatever day they would have it back again.

Thomas Hughes begins here. John R. Green begins here.

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